Fervit

Fervit may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Fervit

Ferrous Succinate

Ferrous Succinate is reported as an ingredient of Fervit in the following countries:

• Portugal

International Drug Name Search

Sodium Stibogluconate

In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.

Scheme

Rec.INN

ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification)

P01CB02

CAS registry number (Chemical Abstracts Service)

0016037-91-5

Chemical Formula

C12-H17-Na3-O17-Sb2·9H2O

Molecular Weight

907

Therapeutic Category

Antiprotozoal agent, leishmaniocidal

Chemical Name

D-Gluconic acid, 2,4:2',4'-O-(oxydistibylidyne)bis-, Sb,Sb'-dioxide, trisodium salt, nonahydrate

Foreign Names

• Natrii stibogluconas (Latin)
• Natrium stibogluconat (German)
• Stibogluconate de sodium (French)
• Estibogluconato sodico (Spanish)

Generic Names

• Sodium Stibogluconate (OS: BAN)
• Stibogluconate sodique (OS: DCF)
• Natriumstibogluconat-9-Wasser (IS)
• Solusurmin (IS)
• Stibogluconat (IS)
• Natrii stibogluconas (PH: Ph. Int. 4)
• Sodio stibogluconato (PH: F.U. XII)
• Sodium Stibogluconate (PH: Ph. Int. 4, BP 2010)

Brand Names

• Pentostam
  GlaxoSmithKline, United Arab Emirates; GlaxoSmithKline, Bahrain; GlaxoSmithKline, United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline, Israel; GlaxoSmithKline, Iran; GlaxoSmithKline, Kuwait; GlaxoSmithKline, Oman; GlaxoSmithKline, Qatar



• Pentostam (veterinary use)
  GlaxoSmithKline, United Kingdom



• Sodio Stibogluconato
  Salf, Italy



• Stibatin
  GlaxoSmithKline, Bangladesh



• Stiboson
  Jayson, Bangladesh

International Drug Name Search

Glossary

BAN	British Approved Name
DCF	Dénomination Commune Française
IS	Inofficial Synonym
OS	Official Synonym
PH	Pharmacopoeia Name
Rec.INN	Recommended International Nonproprietary Name (World Health Organization)

Click for further information on drug naming conventions and International Nonproprietary Names.

Langa Dip

Langa Dip may be available in the countries listed below.

In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.

Ingredient matches for Langa Dip

Cypermethrin

Cypermethrin is reported as an ingredient of Langa Dip in the following countries:

• South Africa

International Drug Name Search

Norvir

Dosage Form: capsule
Norvir®

(ritonavir) Capsules Soft Gelatin

(ritonavir) Oral Solution

Warning

CO-ADMINISTRATION OF Norvir WITH SEDATIVE HYPNOTICS, ANTIARRHYTHMICS, OR ERGOT ALKALOID PREPARATIONS MAY RESULT IN POTENTIALLY SERIOUS AND/OR LIFE-THREATENING ADVERSE EVENTS DUE TO POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF Norvir ON THE HEPATIC METABOLISM OF CERTAIN DRUGS. SEE CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS SECTIONS.

Norvir Description

Norvir (ritonavir) is an inhibitor of HIV protease with activity against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

Ritonavir is chemically designated as 10-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1- [2-(1-methylethyl)-4-thiazolyl]-3,6-dioxo-8,11-bis(phenylmethyl)-2,4,7,12- tetraazatridecan-13-oic acid, 5-thiazolylmethyl ester, [5S-(5R*,8R*,10R*,11R*)]. Its molecular formula is C37H48N6O5S2, and its molecular weight is 720.95. Ritonavir has the following structural formula:

Ritonavir is a white-to-light-tan powder. Ritonavir has a bitter metallic taste. It is freely soluble in methanol and ethanol, soluble in isopropanol and practically insoluble in water.

Norvir soft gelatin capsules are available for oral administration in a strength of 100 mg ritonavir with the following inactive ingredients: Butylated hydroxytoluene, ethanol, gelatin, iron oxide, oleic acid, polyoxyl 35 castor oil, and titanium dioxide.

Norvir oral solution is available for oral administration as 80 mg/mL of ritonavir in a peppermint and caramel flavored vehicle. Each 8-ounce bottle contains 19.2 grams of ritonavir. Norvir oral solution also contains ethanol, water, polyoxyl 35 castor oil, propylene glycol, anhydrous citric acid to adjust pH, saccharin sodium, peppermint oil, creamy caramel flavoring, and FD&C Yellow No. 6.

Norvir - Clinical Pharmacology

Microbiology

Mechanism of Action

Ritonavir is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of both the HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases. Inhibition of HIV protease renders the enzyme incapable of processing the gag-pol polyprotein precursor which leads to production of non-infectious immature HIV particles.

Antiviral Activity In Vitro

The activity of ritonavir was assessed in vitro in acutely infected lymphoblastoid cell lines and in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The concentration of drug that inhibits 50% (EC50) of viral replication ranged from 3.8 to 153 nM depending upon the HIV-1 isolate and the cells employed. The average EC50 for low passage clinical isolates was 22 nM (n = 13). In MT4 cells, ritonavir demonstrated additive effects against HIV-1 in combination with either zidovudine (ZDV) or didanosine (ddI). Studies which measured cytotoxicity of ritonavir on several cell lines showed that > 20 µM was required to inhibit cellular growth by 50% resulting in an in vitro therapeutic index of at least 1000.

Resistance

HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to ritonavir have been selected in vitro. Genotypic analysis of these isolates showed mutations in the HIV protease gene at amino acid positions 84 (Ile to Val), 82 (Val to Phe), 71 (Ala to Val), and 46 (Met to Ile). Phenotypic (n = 18) and genotypic (n = 44) changes in HIV isolates from selected patients treated with ritonavir were monitored in phase I/II trials over a period of 3 to 32 weeks. Mutations associated with the HIV viral protease in isolates obtained from 41 patients appeared to occur in a stepwise and ordered fashion; in sequence, these mutations were position 82 (Val to Ala/Phe), 54 (Ile to Val), 71 (Ala to Val/Thr), and 36 (Ile to Leu), followed by combinations of mutations at an additional 5 specific amino acid positions. Of 18 patients for whom both phenotypic and genotypic analysis were performed on free virus isolated from plasma, 12 showed reduced susceptibility to ritonavir in vitro. All 18 patients possessed one or more mutations in the viral protease gene. The 82 mutation appeared to be necessary but not sufficient to confer phenotypic resistance. Phenotypic resistance was defined as a ≥ 5-fold decrease in viral sensitivity in vitro from baseline. The clinical relevance of phenotypic and genotypic changes associated with ritonavir therapy has not been established.

Cross-Resistance to Other Antiretrovirals

Among protease inhibitors variable cross-resistance has been recognized. Serial HIV isolates obtained from six patients during ritonavir therapy showed a decrease in ritonavir susceptibility in vitro but did not demonstrate a concordant decrease in susceptibility to saquinavir in vitro when compared to matched baseline isolates. However, isolates from two of these patients demonstrated decreased susceptibility to indinavir in vitro (8-fold). Isolates from 5 patients were also tested for cross-resistance to amprenavir and nelfinavir; isolates from 2 patients had a decrease in susceptibility to nelfinavir (12- to 14-fold), and none to amprenavir. Cross-resistance between ritonavir and reverse transcriptase inhibitors is unlikely because of the different enzyme targets involved. One ZDV-resistant HIV isolate tested in vitro retained full susceptibility to ritonavir.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of ritonavir have been studied in healthy volunteers and HIV-infected patients (CD4 ≥ 50 cells/µL). See Table 1 for ritonavir pharmacokinetic characteristics.

Absorption

The absolute bioavailability of ritonavir has not been determined. After a 600 mg dose of oral solution, peak concentrations of ritonavir were achieved approximately 2 hours and 4 hours after dosing under fasting and non-fasting (514 KCal; 9% fat, 12% protein, and 79% carbohydrate) conditions, respectively.

Effect of Food on Oral Absorption

When the oral solution was given under non-fasting conditions, peak ritonavir concentrations decreased 23% and the extent of absorption decreased 7% relative to fasting conditions. Dilution of the oral solution, within one hour of administration, with 240 mL of chocolate milk, Advera® or Ensure® did not significantly affect the extent and rate of ritonavir absorption. After a single 600 mg dose under non-fasting conditions, in two separate studies, the soft gelatin capsule (n = 57) and oral solution (n = 18) formulations yielded mean ± SD areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCs) of 121.7 ± 53.8 and 129.0 ± 39.3 µg•h/mL, respectively. Relative to fasting conditions, the extent of absorption of ritonavir from the soft gelatin capsule formulation was 13% higher when administered with a meal (615 KCal; 14.5% fat, 9% protein, and 76% carbohydrate).

Metabolism

Nearly all of the plasma radioactivity after a single oral 600 mg dose of 14C-ritonavir oral solution (n = 5) was attributed to unchanged ritonavir. Five ritonavir metabolites have been identified in human urine and feces. The isopropylthiazole oxidation metabolite (M-2) is the major metabolite and has antiviral activity similar to that of parent drug; however, the concentrations of this metabolite in plasma are low. In vitro studies utilizing human liver microsomes have demonstrated that cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) is the major isoform involved in ritonavir metabolism, although CYP2D6 also contributes to the formation of M-2.

Elimination

In a study of five subjects receiving a 600 mg dose of 14C-ritonavir oral solution, 11.3 ± 2.8% of the dose was excreted into the urine, with 3.5 ± 1.8% of the dose excreted as unchanged parent drug. In that study, 86.4 ± 2.9% of the dose was excreted in the feces with 33.8 ± 10.8% of the dose excreted as unchanged parent drug. Upon multiple dosing, ritonavir accumulation is less than predicted from a single dose possibly due to a time and dose-related increase in clearance.

Table 1. Ritonavir Pharmacokinetic Characteristics

Parameter	n	Values (Mean ± SD)
Cmax SS†	10	11.2 ± 3.6 µg/mL
Ctrough SS†	10	3.7 ± 2.6 µg/mL
Vβ/F‡	91	0.41 ± 0.25 L/kg
t½		3 - 5 h
CL/F SS†	10	8.8 ± 3.2 L/h
CL/F‡	91	4.6 ± 1.6 L/h
CLR	62	< 0.1 L/h
RBC/Plasma Ratio		0.14
Percent Bound*		98 to 99%
†   SS = steady state; patients taking ritonavir 600 mg q12h. ‡   Single ritonavir 600 mg dose. *   Primarily bound to human serum albumin and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein over the ritonavir concentration range of 0.01 to 30 µg/mL.

Effects on Electrocardiogram

QTcF interval was evaluated in a randomized, placebo and active (moxifloxacin 400 mg once-daily) controlled crossover study in 45 healthy adults, with 10 measurements over 12 hours on Day 3. The maximum mean (95% upper confidence bound) time-matched difference in QTcF from placebo after baseline correction was 5.5 (7.6) milliseconds (msec) for 400 mg twice-daily ritonavir. Ritonavir 400 mg twice daily resulted in Day 3 ritonavir exposure that was approximately 1.5 fold higher than observed with ritonavir 600 mg twice-daily dose at steady state.

PR interval prolongation was also noted in subjects receiving ritonavir in the same study on Day 3. The maximum mean (95% confidence interval) difference from placebo in the PR interval after baseline correction was 22 (25) msec for 400 mg twice-daily ritonavir (See PRECAUTIONS – PR Interval Prolongation).

Special Populations

Gender, Race and Age

No age-related pharmacokinetic differences have been observed in adult patients (18 to 63 years). Ritonavir pharmacokinetics have not been studied in older patients.

A study of ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy males and females showed no statistically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir. Pharmacokinetic differences due to race have not been identified.

Pediatric Patients

Steady-state pharmacokinetics were evaluated in 37 HIV-infected patients ages 2 to 14 years receiving doses ranging from 250 mg/m2 twice-daily to 400 mg/m2 twice-daily in PACTG Study 310, and in 41 HIV-infected patients ages 1 month to 2 years at doses of 350 and 450 mg/m2 twice-daily in PACTG Study 345. Across dose groups, ritonavir steady-state oral clearance (CL/F/m2) was approximately 1.5 to 1.7 times faster in pediatric patients than in adult subjects. Ritonavir concentrations obtained after 350 to 400 mg/m2 twice-daily in pediatric patients > 2 years were comparable to those obtained in adults receiving 600 mg (approximately 330 mg/m2) twice-daily. The following observations were seen regarding ritonavir concentrations after administration with 350 or 450 mg/m2 twice-daily in children < 2 years of age. Higher ritonavir exposures were not evident with 450 mg/m2 twice-daily compared to the 350 mg/m2 twice-daily. Ritonavir trough concentrations were somewhat lower than those obtained in adults receiving 600 mg twice-daily. The area under the ritonavir plasma concentration-time curve and trough concentrations obtained after administration with 350 or 450 mg/m2 twice-daily in children < 2 years were approximately 16% and 60% lower, respectively, than that obtained in adults receiving 600 mg twice-daily.

Renal Insufficiency

Ritonavir pharmacokinetics have not been studied in patients with renal insufficiency, however, since renal clearance is negligible, a decrease in total body clearance is not expected in patients with renal insufficiency.

Hepatic Insufficiency

Dose-normalized steady-state ritonavir concentrations in subjects with mild hepatic insufficiency (400 mg twice-daily, n = 6) were similar to those in control subjects dosed with 500 mg twice-daily. Dose-normalized steady-state ritonavir exposures in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (400 mg twice-daily, n= 6) were about 40% lower than those in subjects with normal hepatic function (500 mg twice-daily, n = 6). Protein binding of ritonavir was not statistically significantly affected by mild or moderately impaired hepatic function. No dose adjustment is recommended in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. However, health care providers should be aware of the potential for lower ritonavir concentrations in patients with moderate hepatic impairment and should monitor patient response carefully. Ritonavir has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

Drug-Drug Interactions

See also CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS, and PRECAUTIONS - Drug Interactions.

Table 2 and Table 3 summarize the effects on AUC and Cmax, with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), of co-administration of ritonavir with a variety of drugs. For information about clinical recommendations see PRECAUTIONS - Drug Interactions.

Table 2. Drug Interactions - Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Ritonavir in the Presence of the Co-administered Drug (See PRECAUTIONS - Table 6 for Recommended Alterations in Dose or Regimen)

Co-administered Drug	Dose of Co-administered Drug (mg)	Dose of Norvir (mg)	n	AUC % (95% CI)	Cmax (95% CI)	Cmin (95% CI)
Clarithromycin	500 q12h, 4 d	200 q8h, 4 d	22	↑ 12% (2, 23%)	↑ 15% (2, 28%)	↑ 14% (-3, 36%)
Didanosine	200 q12h, 4 d	600 q12h, 4 d	12	↔	↔	↔
Fluconazole	400 single dose, day 1; 200 daily, 4 d	200 q6h, 4 d	8	↑ 12% (5, 20%)	↑ 15% (7, 22%)	↑ 14% (0, 26%)
Fluoxetine	30 q12h, 8 d	600 single dose, 1 d	16	↑ 19% (7, 34%)	↔	ND
Ketoconazole	200 daily, 7 d	500 q12h, 10 d	12	↑ 18% (-3, 52%)	↑ 10% (-11, 36%)	ND
Rifampin	600 or 300 daily, 10 d	500 q12h, 20 d	7, 9*	↓ 35% (7, 55%)	↓ 25% (-5, 46%)	↓ 49% (-14, 91%)
Voriconazole	400 q12h, 1 d; then 200 q12h, 8 d	400 q12h, 9 d		↔	↔	ND
Zidovudine	200 q8h, 4 d	300 q6h, 4 d	10	↔	↔	↔

Table 3. Drug Interactions - Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Co-administered Drug in the Presence of Norvir (See PRECAUTIONS - Table 6 for Recommended Alterations in Dose or Regimen)

Co-administered Drug	Dose of Co-administered Drug (mg)	Dose of Norvir (mg)	n	AUC % (95% CI)	Cmax (95% CI)	Cmin (95% CI)
Alprazolam	1, single dose	500 q12h, 10 d	12	↓ 12% (-5,30%)	↓ 16% (5, 27%)	ND
Clarithromycin 14-OH clarithromycin metabolite	500 q12h, 4 d	200 q8h, 4 d	22	↑ 77% (56, 103%) ↓ 100%	↑ 31% (15, 51%) ↓ 99%	↑ 2.8-fold (2.4, 3.3X) ↓ 100%
Desipramine 2-OH desipramine metabolite	100, single dose	500 q12h, 12 d	14	↑ 145% (103, 211%) ↓ 15% (3, 26%)	↑ 22% (12, 35%) ↓ 67% (62, 72%)	ND ND
Didanosine	200 q12h, 4 d	600 q12h, 4 d	12	↓ 13% (0, 23%)	↓ 16% (5, 26%)	↔
Ethinyl estradiol	50 µg single dose	500 q12h, 16 d	23	↓ 40% (31, 49%)	↓ 32% (24, 39%)	ND
Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray	200 mcg qd, 7 d	100 mg q12h, 7 d	18	↑ approximately 350-fold5	↑ approximately 25-fold5
Indinavir1 Day 14 Day 15	400 q12h, 15 d	400 q12h, 15 d	10	↑ 6% (-14, 29%) ↓ 7% (-22, 28%)	↓ 51% (40, 61%) ↓ 62% (52, 70%)	↑ 4-fold (2.8,6.8X) ↑ 4-fold (2.5,6.5X)
Ketoconazole	200 daily, 7 d	500 q12h, 10 d	12	↑ 3.4-fold (2.8, 4.3X)	↑ 55% (40, 72%)	ND
Meperidine Normeperidine metabolite	50 oral single dose	500 q12h, 10 d	8 6	↓ 62% (59, 65%) ↑ 47% (-24, 345%)	↓ 59% (42, 72%) ↑ 87% (42, 147%)	ND ND
Methadone2	5, single dose	500 q12h, 15 d	11	↓ 36% (16, 52%)	↓ 38% (28, 46%)	ND
Rifabutin 25-O-desacetyl rifabutin metabolite	150 daily, 16 d	500 q12h, 10 d	5, 11*	↑ 4-fold (2.8, 6.1X) ↑ 38-fold (28, 56X)	↑ 2.5-fold (1.9, 3.4X) ↑ 16-fold (13, 20X)	↑ 6-fold (3.5, 18.3X) ↑ 181-fold (ND)
Sildenafil	100, single dose	500 BID, 8 d	28	↑ 11-fold	↑ 4-fold	ND
Sulfamethoxazole3	800, single dose	500 q12h, 12 d	15	↓ 20% (16, 23%)	↔	ND
Tadalafil	20 mg, single dose	200 mg q12h		↑ 124%	↔	ND
Theophylline	3 mg/kg q8h, 15 d	500 q12h, 10 d	13, 11*	↓ 43% (42, 45%)	↓ 32% (29, 34%)	↓ 57% (55, 59%)
Trazodone	50 mg, single dose	200 mg q12h, 4 doses	10	↑ 2.4-fold	↑ 34%
Trimethoprim3	160, single dose	500 q12h, 12 d	15	↑ 20% (3, 43%)	↔	ND
Vardenafil	5 mg	600 q12h		↑ 49-fold	↑ 13-fold	ND
Voriconazole	400 q12h, 1 d; then 200 q12h, 8 d	400 q12h, 9 d		↓ 82%	↓ 66%
Warfarin S-Warfarin R-Warfarin	5, single dose	400 q12h, 12d	12	↑ 9% (-17, 44%)4 ↓ 33% (-38, -27%)4	↓ 9% (-16, -2%)4 ↔	ND ND
Zidovudine	200 q8h, 4 d	300 q6h, 4 d	9	↓ 25% (15, 34%)	↓ 27% (4, 45%)	ND
1   Ritonavir and indinavir were co-administered for 15 days; Day 14 doses were administered after a 15%-fat breakfast (757 Kcal) and 9%-fat evening snack (236 Kcal), and Day 15 doses were administered after a 15%-fat breakfast (757 Kcal) and 32%-fat dinner (815 Kcal). Indinavir Cmin was also increased 4-fold. Effects were assessed relative to an indinavir 800 mg q8h regimen under fasting conditions. 2   Effects were assessed on a dose-normalized comparison to a methadone 20 mg single dose. 3  Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim taken as single combination tablet. 4   90% CI presented for R- and S-warfarin AUC and Cmax ratios. 5   This significant increase in plasma fluticasone propionate exposure resulted in a significant decrease (86%) in plasma cortisol AUC. ↑   Indicates increase. ↓   Indicates decrease. ↔   Indicates no change. *   Parallel group design; entries are subjects receiving combination and control regimens, respectively.

Indications and Usage for Norvir

Norvir is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-infection. This indication is based on the results from a study in patients with advanced HIV disease that showed a reduction in both mortality and AIDS-defining clinical events for patients who received Norvir either alone or in combination with nucleoside analogues. Median duration of follow-up in this study was 13.5 months.

Description of Clinical Studies

The activity of Norvir as monotherapy or in combination with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors has been evaluated in 1446 patients enrolled in two double-blind, randomized trials.

Advanced Patients with Prior Antiretroviral Therapy

Study 247 was a randomized, double-blind trial (with open-label follow-up) conducted in HIV-infected patients with at least nine months of prior antiretroviral therapy and baseline CD4 cell counts ≤ 100 cells/µL. Norvir 600 mg twice-daily or placebo was added to each patient's baseline antiretroviral therapy regimen, which could have consisted of up to two approved antiretroviral agents. The study accrued 1090 patients, with mean baseline CD4 cell count at study entry of 32 cells/µL. After the clinical benefit of Norvir therapy was demonstrated, all patients were eligible to switch to open-label Norvir for the duration of the follow-up period. Median duration of double-blind therapy with Norvir and placebo was 6 months. The median duration of follow-up through the end of the open-label phase was 13.5 months for patients randomized to Norvir and 14 months for patients randomized to placebo.

The cumulative incidence of clinical disease progression or death during the double-blind phase of Study 247 was 26% for patients initially randomized to Norvir compared to 42% for patients initially randomized to placebo. This difference in rates was statistically significant (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Time to Disease Progression or Death During the Double-blind Phase of Study 247

The cumulative mortality through the end of the open-label follow-up phase for patients enrolled in Study 247 was 18% for patients initially randomized to Norvir compared to 26% for patients initially randomized to placebo. This difference in rates was statistically significant (see Figure 2). Since the analysis at the end of the open-label phase includes patients in the placebo arm who were switched from placebo to Norvir therapy, the survival benefit of Norvir cannot be precisely estimated.

Figure 2. Survival of Patients by Randomized Treatment Regimen in Study 247

Figure 3 and Figure 4 summarize the mean change from baseline for CD4 cell count and plasma HIV RNA (copies/mL), respectively, during the first 24 weeks for the double-blind phase of Study 247.

Figure 3. Mean Change from Baseline in CD4 Cell Count (cells/µL) During the Double-blind Phase of Study 247

Figure 4. Mean Change from Baseline in HIV RNA (log copies/mL) During the Double-blind Phase of Study 247

Patients Without Prior Antiretroviral Therapy

In Study 245, 356 antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected patients (mean baseline CD4 = 364 cells/µL) were randomized to receive either Norvir 600 mg twice-daily, zidovudine 200 mg three-times-daily, or a combination of these drugs. Figure 5 and Figure 6 summarize the mean change from baseline for CD4 cell count and plasma HIV RNA (copies/mL), respectively, during the first 24 weeks for the double-blind phase of Study 245.

Figure 5. Mean Change from Baseline in CD4 Cell Count (cells/µL) During Study 245

Figure 6. Mean Change from Baseline in HIV RNA (log copies/mL) During Study 245

Contraindications

• When co-administering Norvir with other protease inhibitors, see the full prescribing information for that protease inhibitor including contraindication information.


• Norvir is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity (e.g. toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) or Stevens-Johnson syndrome) to ritonavir or any of its ingredients.


• Co-administration of Norvir is contraindicated with the drugs listed in Table 4 (also see PRECAUTIONS - Table 5. Drugs that Should Not be Co-administered with Norvir) because ritonavir mediated CYP3A inhibition can result in serious and/or life-threatening reactions. Voriconazole and St. John’s Wort are exceptions in that co-administration of Norvir and voriconazole results in a significant decrease in plasma concentrations of voriconazole, and co-administration of Norvir with St. John’s Wort may result in decreased ritonavir plasma concentrations.

Table 4. Drugs that are Contraindicated with Norvir

Drug Class	Drugs Within Class That Are CONTRAINDICATED With Norvir**
Alpha1-adrenoreceptor antagonist	Alfuzosin HCL
Antiarrhythmics	Amiodarone, flecainide, propafenone, quinidine
Antifungal	Voriconazole (with ritonavir doses of 400 mg every 12 hours or greater)
Ergot Derivatives	Dihydroergotamine, ergonovine, ergotamine, methylergonovine
GI Motility Agent	Cisapride
Herbal Products	St. John’s Wort (hypericum perforatum)
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors:	Lovastatin, simvastatin
Neuroleptic	Pimozide
PDE5 enzyme inhibitor	Sildenafil* (Revatio®) only when used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
Sedative/hypnotics	Oral midazolam, triazolam
*see WARNINGS - Drug Interactions and PRECAUTIONS – Table 6. Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions for coadministration of sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction. ** For additional information for these contraindicated drugs, see also PRECAUTIONS –Table 5. Drugs that Should Not be Co-administered with Norvir.

Warnings

ALERT: Find out about medicines that should NOT be taken with Norvir. This statement is included on the product's bottle label.

When co-administering Norvir with other protease inhibitors, see the full prescribing information for that protease inhibitor including WARNINGS.

Drug Interactions

Norvir is a CYP3A inhibitor. Initiating treatment with Norvir in patients receiving medications metabolized by CYP3A or initiating medications metabolized by CYP3A in patients already maintained on Norvir may result in increased plasma concentrations of concomitant medications. Higher plasma concentrations of concomitant medications can result in increased or prolonged therapeutic or adverse effects, potentially leading to severe, life-threatening or fatal events. The potential for drug-drug interactions must be considered prior to and during therapy with Norvir. Review of other medications taken by patients and monitoring of patients for adverse effects is recommended during therapy with Norvir.

See CONTRAINDICATIONS- Table 4 for a listing of drugs that are contraindicated with Norvir due to potentially life-threatening adverse events, significant drug interactions, or loss of virologic activity. Also, see PRECAUTIONS – Table 5 and Table 6 for drugs that should not be co-administered with Norvir and for a listing of drugs with established and other significant drug interactions.

Allergic Reactions

Allergic reactions including urticaria, mild skin eruptions, bronchospasm, and angioedema have been reported. Rare cases of anaphylaxis, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have also been reported.

Hepatic Reactions

Hepatic transaminase elevations exceeding 5 times the upper limit of normal, clinical hepatitis, and jaundice have occurred in patients receiving Norvir alone or in combination with other antiretroviral drugs (see Table 8). There may be an increased risk for transaminase elevations in patients with underlying hepatitis B or C. Therefore, caution should be exercised when administering Norvir to patients with pre-existing liver diseases, liver enzyme abnormalities, or hepatitis. Increased AST/ALT monitoring should be considered in these patients, especially during the first three months of Norvir treatment.

There have been postmarketing reports of hepatic dysfunction, including some fatalities. These have generally occurred in patients taking multiple concomitant medications and/or with advanced AIDS.

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis has been observed in patients receiving Norvir therapy, including those who developed hypertriglyceridemia. In some cases fatalities have been observed. Patients with advanced HIV disease may be at increased risk of elevated triglycerides and pancreatitis.

Pancreatitis should be considered if clinical symptoms (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain) or abnormalities in laboratory values (such as increased serum lipase or amylase values) suggestive of pancreatitis should occur. Patients who exhibit these signs or symptoms should be evaluated and Norvir therapy should be discontinued if a diagnosis of pancreatitis is made.

Diabetes Mellitus/Hyperglycemia

New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of pre-existing diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia have been reported during postmarketing surveillance in HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitor therapy. Some patients required either initiation or dose adjustments of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents for treatment of these events. In some cases, diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred. In those patients who discontinued protease inhibitor therapy, hyperglycemia persisted in some cases. Because these events have been reported voluntarily during clinical practice, estimates of frequency cannot be made and a causal relationship between protease inhibitor therapy and these events has not been established.

Precautions

When co-administering Norvir with other protease inhibitors, see the full prescribing information for that protease inhibitor including PRECAUTIONS.

General

Ritonavir is principally metabolized by the liver. Therefore, caution should be exercised when administering this drug to patients with impaired hepatic function (see WARNINGS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY - Hepatic Insufficiency).

Resistance/Cross-resistance

Varying degrees of cross-resistance among protease inhibitors have been observed. Continued administration of ritonavir therapy following loss of viral suppression may increase the likelihood of cross-resistance to other protease inhibitors (see Microbiology).

Hemophilia

There have been reports of increased bleeding, including spontaneous skin hematomas and hemarthrosis, in patients with hemophilia type A and B treated with protease inhibitors. In some patients additional factor VIII was given. In more than half of the reported cases, treatment with protease inhibitors was continued or reintroduced. A causal relationship has not been established.

PR Interval Prolongation

Ritonavir prolongs the PR interval in some patients. Post marketing cases of second or third degree atrioventricular block have been reported in patients. Norvir should be used with caution in patients with underlying structural heart disease, preexisting conduction system abnormalities, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathies, as these patients may be at increased risk for developing cardiac conduction abnormalities. The impact on the PR interval of co-administration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers, beta-adrenergic blockers, digoxin and atazanavir) has not been evaluated. As a result, co-administration of ritonavir with these drugs should be undertaken with caution, particularly with those drugs metabolized by CYP3A. Clinical monitoring is recommended. See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY - Effects on Electrocardiogram.

Fat Redistribution

Redistribution/accumulation of body fat including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and "cushingoid appearance" have been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established.

Lipid Disorders

Treatment with Norvir therapy alone or in combination with saquinavir has resulted in substantial increases in the concentration of total triglycerides and cholesterol. Triglyceride and cholesterol testing should be performed prior to initiating Norvir therapy and at periodic intervals during therapy. Lipid disorders should be managed as clinically appropriate. See PRECAUTIONS - Table 5 and Table 6 for additional information on potential drug interactions with Norvir and HMG CoA reductase inhibitors.

Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in HIV-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including Norvir. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, or tuberculosis), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment.

Information For Patients

A statement to patients and health care providers is included on the product's bottle label: ALERT: Find out about medicines that should NOT be taken with Norvir. A Patient Package Insert (PPI) for Norvir is available for patient information.

Patients should be informed that Norvir is not a cure for HIV infection and that they may continue to acquire illnesses associated with advanced HIV infection, including opportunistic infections.

Patients should be told that the long-term effects of Norvir are unknown at this time. They should be informed that Norvir therapy has not been shown to reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to others through sexual contact or blood contamination.

Patients should be advised to take Norvir with food, if possible.

Patients should be informed to take Norvir every day as prescribed. Patients should not alter the dose or discontinue Norvir without consulting their doctor. If a dose is missed, patients should take the next dose as soon as possible. However, if a dose is skipped, the patient should not double the next dose.

Patients should be informed that redistribution or accumulation of body fat may occur in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and that the cause and long term health effects of these conditions are not known at this time.

Norvir may interact with some drugs; therefore, patients should be advised to report to their doctor the use of any other prescription, non-prescription medication or herbal products, particularly St. John's wort.

Patients receiving PDE5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction (eg, sildenafil, tadalafil, or vardenafil) should be advised that they may be at an increased risk of associated adverse events including hypotension, visual changes, and sustained erection, and should promptly report any symptoms to their doctor. Concomitant use of sildenafil with Norvir is contraindicated in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

Patients receiving estrogen-based hormonal contraceptives should be instructed that additional or alternate contraceptive measures should be used during therapy with Norvir.

Patients should be informed that Norvir may produce changes in the electrocardiogram (e.g., PR prolongation). Patients should consult their physician if they experience symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, abnormal heart rhythm, or loss of consciousness.

Laboratory Tests

Ritonavir has been shown to increase triglycerides, cholesterol, SGOT (AST), SGPT (ALT), GGT, CPK, and uric acid. Appropriate laboratory testing should be performed prior to initiating Norvir therapy and at periodic intervals or if any clinical signs or symptoms occur during therapy. For comprehensive information concerning laboratory test alterations associated with reverse transcriptase inhibitors, physicians should refer to the complete product information for each of these drugs.

Drug Interactions

Ritonavir has been found to be an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) both in vitro and in vivo (Table 3). Agents that are extensively metabolized by CYP3A and have high first pass metabolism appear to be the most susceptible to large increases in AUC (> 3-fold) when co-administered with ritonavir. Ritonavir also inhibits CYP2D6 to a lesser extent. Co-administration of substrates of CYP2D6 with ritonavir could result in increases (up to 2-fold) in the AUC of the other agent, possibly requiring a proportional dosage reduction. Ritonavir also appears to induce CYP3A as well as other enzymes, including glucuronosyl transferase, CYP1A2, and possibly CYP2C9.

Drugs that are contraindicated specifically due to the expected magnitude of interaction and potential for serious adverse events are listed both in CONTRAINDICATIONS - Table 4 and under Drugs That Should Not Be Co-administered with Norvir in Table 5.

Those drug interactions that have been established based on drug interaction studies are listed with the pharmacokinetic results in CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY - Table 2 and Table 3. The clinical recommendations based on the results of these studies are listed in Table 6. Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions. A systematic review of over 200 medications prescribed to HIV-infected patients was performed to identify potential drug interactions with ritonavir.2 There are a number of agents in which CYP3A or CYP2D6 partially contribute to the metabolism of the agent. In these cases, the magnitude of the interaction and therapeutic consequences cannot be predicted with any certainty.

When co-administering ritonavir with calcium channel blockers, immunosuppressants, some HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, some steroids, or other substrates of CYP3A; or most antidepressants, certain antiarrhythmics, and some narcotic analgesics which are partially mediated by CYP2D6 metabolism, it is possible that substantial increases in concentrations of these other agents may occur, possibly requiring a dosage reduction (> 50%); examples are listed in Table 6. Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions.

When co-administering ritonavir with any agent having a narrow therapeutic margin, such as anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, and antiarrhythmics, special attention is warranted. With some agents, the metabolism may be induced, resulting in decreased concentrations (see Table 6. Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions).

Table 5. Drugs that Should Not be Co-administered with Norvir

Drug Class: Drug Name	Clinical Comment
Alpha Adrenergic Antagonist: alfuzosin	CONTRAINDICATED due to potential for serious reactions such as hypotension.
Antiarrhythmics: amiodarone, flecainide, propafenone, quinidine	CONTRAINDICATED due to potential for serious and/or life threatening reactions such as cardiac arrhythmias.
Antifungal: voriconazole	CONTRAINDICATED with ritonavir doses of 400 mg every 12 hours or greater due to significant decreases in voriconazole plasma concentrations and may lead to loss of antifungal response.
Ergot Derivatives: dihydroergotamine, ergonovine, ergotamine, methylergonovine	CONTRAINDICATED due to potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions such as acute ergot toxicity characterized by vasospasm and ischemia of the extremities and other tissues including the central nervous system.
GI Motility Agent: cisapride	CONTRAINDICATED due to potential for serious and/or life-threatening reactions such as cardiac arrhythmias.
Herbal Products: St. John's wort (hypericum perforatum)	CONTRAINDICATED as the combination may lead to loss of virologic response and possible resistance to Norvir or to the class of protease inhibitors.

Lamotrigine ratiopharm

Lamotrigine ratiopharm may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Lamotrigine ratiopharm

Lamotrigine

Lamotrigine is reported as an ingredient of Lamotrigine ratiopharm in the following countries:

• France

International Drug Name Search

Secnidazol MK

Secnidazol MK may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Secnidazol MK

Secnidazole

Secnidazole is reported as an ingredient of Secnidazol MK in the following countries:

• Colombia


• Ecuador

International Drug Name Search

Sodium Selenite

In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.

ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification)

A12CE02

CAS registry number (Chemical Abstracts Service)

0010102-18-8

Chemical Formula

Na2-O3-Se

Molecular Weight

172

Therapeutic Category

Mineral supplement

Chemical Names

Dinatriumselenit (IUPAC)

Selenious acid disodium salt

Selenious acid, sodium salt (1:2)

Sodium selenite

Foreign Names

• Natrii selenis (Latin)
• Natrium selenit (German)
• Selenite de sodium (French)

Generic Names

• CCRIS 1260 (IS)
• Disodium selenium trioxide (IS)
• EINECS 233-267-9 (IS)
• HSDB 768 (IS)
• Sodium (sélénite de) pour usage vétérinaire (PH: Ph. Franç. Xe édit)
• Sodium selenite (PH: BP vet. 2007)
• CCRIS 1378 (IS)
• Natriumselenit-5-Wasser (IS)
• Natrii selenis pentahydricus (PH: Ph. Eur. 6)
• Natriumselenit pentahydrat (PH: Ph. Eur. 6)
• Sodium Selenite Pentahydrate (PH: Ph. Eur. 6, BP 2010)

Brand Names

• Acti Selen (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Laboratoires Biové, France



• BO SE (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Schering-Plough Animal Health, United States



• Chevivit E-Selen (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Chevita, Germany



• E SE (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Schering-Plough Animal Health, United States



• E SE (Sodium Selenite andTocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Intervet / Schering-Plough Animal Health, New Zealand



• Equistro (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Laboratoire Vétoquinol, France



• Ipaligo Selen (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Laboratoire Vétoquinol, France



• L SE (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Schering-Plough Animal Health, United States



• Mu Se (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Schering-Plough Animal Health, United States



• Myogaster (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Instavet, South Africa



• Myogenyl (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Noé, France



• Myopathyl (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Intervet, France



• Myophos (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Fort Dodge Santé Animale, France



• Myosélem (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Ceva, France



• Nuta (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Zootech, France



• Oligoselen (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Coophavet, France



• Selenase
  Biosyn, Netherlands; Er-Kim, Turkey



• Selen-E Vetag (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Veterinaria, Switzerland



• Selenevit (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Intervet, Norway



• Sélénifer (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Coophavet, France



• Selenium Oral Concentrate (veterinary use)
  AgVantage Animal Health Products, Australia



• Séléphérol (Sodium Selenite andTocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Laboratoire Vétoquinol, France



• Séléphos (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Laboratoires Biové, France



• Seletoc (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Schering-Plough Animal Health, United States



• Selevitan Vet (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Pharmaxim, Sweden; Pharmaxim vet, Finland



• Selevite E (Sodium Selenite andTocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Bomac, New Zealand



• Seltec (veterinary use)
  Mainfeeds, New Zealand



• Selvénium (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Laboratoires Franvet, France



• Selvite-E (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Ilium Veterinary Products, Australia



• Tas Sel (veterinary use)
  Bomac, New Zealand



• Tokosel (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Pharmaxim, Norway



• Velenium (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Fort Dodge Animale Health, United States



• Cefasel
  Cefak, Germany



• Selen Fresenius
  Fresenius Kabi, Austria



• Selen
  Lindopharm, Germany



• Selenase
  Biosyn, Germany; Richter, Austria; Robapharm, Switzerland



• Sélénium Oligosol
  Labcatal, France



• Selen-Loges
  Loges, Germany



• Seltrans
  Stada, Germany



• Selvet Vet (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Orion, Finland



• Tokosel (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Pharmaxim, Sweden; Pharmaxim vet, Finland



• Uniselen
  Köhler, Germany



• Vitamin E + Selen (Sodium Selenite and Tocopherol, α- (veterinary use))
  Albrecht, Germany; aniMedica, Germany; CP-Pharma, Germany; Klat, Germany

International Drug Name Search

Glossary

IUPAC	International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
IS	Inofficial Synonym
PH	Pharmacopoeia Name

Click for further information on drug naming conventions and International Nonproprietary Names.

Sudinet

Sudinet may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Sudinet

Nimesulide

Nimesulide is reported as an ingredient of Sudinet in the following countries:

• Greece

International Drug Name Search

Gen-Captopril

Gen-Captopril may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Gen-Captopril

Captopril

Captopril is reported as an ingredient of Gen-Captopril in the following countries:

• Canada

International Drug Name Search

Gentacat

Gentacat may be available in the countries listed below.

In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.

Ingredient matches for Gentacat

Gentamicin

Gentamicin sulfate (a derivative of Gentamicin) is reported as an ingredient of Gentacat in the following countries:

• France

International Drug Name Search

Medistatin

Medistatin may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Medistatin

Simvastatin

Simvastatin is reported as an ingredient of Medistatin in the following countries:

• Greece

International Drug Name Search

Skizon-N

Skizon-N may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Skizon-N

Betamethasone

Betamethasone 17α-valerate (a derivative of Betamethasone) is reported as an ingredient of Skizon-N in the following countries:

• Indonesia

Neomycin

Neomycin sulfate (a derivative of Neomycin) is reported as an ingredient of Skizon-N in the following countries:

• Indonesia

International Drug Name Search

Sedeten

Sedeten may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Sedeten

Losartan

Losartan potassium salt (a derivative of Losartan) is reported as an ingredient of Sedeten in the following countries:

• Chile

International Drug Name Search

Carbastat

carbachol

Dosage Form: injection

Carbastat®

(CARBACHOL INTRAOCULAR SOLUTION, USP) 0.01%

DESCRIPTION

Carbastat® (Carbachol Intraocular Solution, USP) 0.01% is a sterile balanced salt solution of carbachol for intraocular injection. The active ingredient is represented by the structural formula:

Established name: Carbachol

Chemical name: Ethanaminium, 2-[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]-N,N,N -trimethyl-, chloride.

Each mL contains: Active: Carbachol 0.01%.

Inactive: Sodium chloride 0.64%, potassium chloride 0.075%, calcium chloride dihydrate 0.048%, magnesium chloride hexahydrate 0.03%, sodium acetate trihydrate 0.39%, sodium citrate dihydrate 0.17%, sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid to adjust pH (5.0-7.5) and water for injection USP.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Carbachol is a potent cholinergic (parasympathomimetic) agent which produces constriction of the iris and ciliary body resulting in reduction in intraocular pressure. The exact mechanism by which carbachol lowers intraocular pressure is not precisely known.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Intraocular use for obtaining miosis during surgery. In addition, Carbastat® (Carbachol Intraocular Solution USP) reduces the intensity of intraocular pressure elevation in the first 24 hours after cataract surgery.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Should not be used in those persons showing hypersensitivity to any of the components of this preparation.

WARNINGS

For single-dose intraocular use only. Discard unused portion. Intraocular carbachol 0.01% should be used with caution in patients with acute cardiac failure, bronchial asthma, peptic ulcer, hyperthyroidism, G.I. spasm, urinary tract obstruction and Parkinson's disease.

PRECAUTIONS

Carcinogenesis

Studies in animals to evaluate the carcinogenic potential have not been conducted.

Pregnancy: Category C. 

There are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. Carbastat® should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Nursing Mothers

It is not known if this medication is excreted in breast milk. Exercise caution when administering to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients have not been established.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Ocular

Corneal clouding, persistent bullous keratopathy, retinal detachment and postoperative iritis following cataract extraction have been reported.

Systemic

Side effects such as flushing, sweating, epigastric distress, abdominal cramps, tightness in urinary bladder, and headache have been reported with topical or systemic application of carbachol.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Aseptically remove the sterile vial from the blister package by peeling the backing paper and dropping the vial onto a sterile tray. Withdraw the contents into a dry sterile syringe, and replace the needle with an atraumatic cannula prior to intraocular irrigation. No more than one-half milliliter should be gently instilled into the anterior chamber for the production of satisfactory miosis. It may be instilled before or after securing sutures. Miosis is usually maximal within two to five minutes after application.

HOW SUPPLIED

Carbastat (Carbachol Intraocular Solution, USP) 0.01%

1.5 mL sterile glass vials in cartons of 12 (12 x 1.5 mL)

NDC 58768-735-12

Store at controlled room temperature 15°-30°C (59°-86°F).

Rx only

 

Manufactured by OMJ Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,

San Germán, P.R. 00683

for Novartis Ophthalmics

Duluth, GA 30097

5007-D

March, 2001

Carbastat  carbachol  injection, solution

Product Information Product Type HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG NDC Product Code (Source) 58768-735 Route of Administration INTRAOCULAR DEA Schedule

INGREDIENTS Name (Active Moiety) Type Strength Carbachol (Carbachol) Active 0.1 MILLIGRAM  In 1 MILLILITER calcium chloride dihydrate Inactive 0.481 MILLIGRAM  In 1 MILLILITER hydrochloric acid Inactive   magnesium chloride hexahydrate Inactive 0.3 MILLIGRAM  In 1 MILLILITER potassium chloride Inactive 0.75 MILLIGRAM  In 1 MILLILITER sodium acetate trihydrate Inactive 3.9 MILLIGRAM  In 1 MILLILITER Sodium chloride Inactive 6.4 MILLIGRAM  In 1 MILLILITER sodium citrate dihydrate Inactive 1.7 MILLIGRAM  In 1 MILLILITER sodium hydroxide Inactive   water Inactive

Product Characteristics Color      Score      Shape Size Flavor Imprint Code Contains

Packaging # NDC Package Description Multilevel Packaging 1 58768-735-12 12 VIAL In 1 CARTON contains a VIAL, GLASS 1 1.5 mL (MILLILITER) In 1 VIAL, GLASS This package is contained within the CARTON (58768-735-12)

Revised: 09/2006Novartis Ophthalmics

More Carbastat resources

• Carbastat Side Effects (in more detail)
• Carbastat Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
• Carbastat Drug Interactions
• Carbastat Support Group
• 0 Reviews for Carbastat - Add your own review/rating

• Carbastat Ocular MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)


• carbachol ophthalmic Concise Consumer Information (Cerner Multum)


• Carboptic Drops MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)


• Isopto Carbachol Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information

Compare Carbastat with other medications

• Intraocular Hypertension
• Production of Miosis

Dimefor

Dimefor may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Dimefor

Metformin

Metformin is reported as an ingredient of Dimefor in the following countries:

• Peru

Metformin hydrochloride (a derivative of Metformin) is reported as an ingredient of Dimefor in the following countries:

• Brazil


• Colombia


• Mexico

International Drug Name Search

Sodium Nitroprusside BP

Sodium Nitroprusside BP may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Sodium Nitroprusside BP

Nitroprusside

Sodium Nitroprusside is reported as an ingredient of Sodium Nitroprusside BP in the following countries:

• Australia


• New Zealand

International Drug Name Search

Questax

Questax may be available in the countries listed below.

Ingredient matches for Questax

Quetiapine

Quetiapine fumarate (a derivative of Quetiapine) is reported as an ingredient of Questax in the following countries:

• Slovakia

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Thorazine Suppositories

Pronunciation: klor-PROE-ma-zeen
Generic Name: Chlorpromazine
Brand Name: Thorazine

Thorazine Suppositories are an antipsychotic. It may increase the risk of death when used to treat mental problems caused by dementia in elderly patients. Most of the deaths were linked to heart problems or infection. Thorazine Suppositories are not approved to treat mental problems caused by dementia. Discuss any questions or concerns with your doctor.

Thorazine Suppositories are used for:

Treating certain mental or mood disorders (eg, schizophrenia), the manic phase of manic-depressive disorder, anxiety and restlessness before surgery, the blood disease porphyria, severe behavioral and conduct disorders in children, nausea and vomiting, and severe hiccups. It is also used with other medicines to treat symptoms associated with tetanus. It may be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.

Thorazine Suppositories are a phenothiazine. Exactly how it works is not known.

Do NOT use Thorazine Suppositories if:

• you are allergic to any ingredient in Thorazine Suppositories or to other phenothiazines (eg, thioridazine)


• you have severe drowsiness


• you have recently taken large amounts of alcohol or medicines that may cause drowsiness, such as barbiturates (eg, phenobarbital) or narcotic pain medicines (eg, codeine)


• you are taking certain antiarrhythmic medicines (eg, amiodarone, dofetilide, dronedarone, quinidine, sotalol), cisapride, pergolide, pimozide, quetiapine, or ziprasidone

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.

Before using Thorazine Suppositories:

Some medical conditions may interact with Thorazine Suppositories. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:

• if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding


• if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement


• if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances


• if you have a history of alcohol abuse or you consume more than 3 alcoholic drinks per day


• if you have asthma, lung infection, or other lung problems (eg, emphysema); increased pressure in the eyes; glaucoma; or if you are at risk for glaucoma


• if you have a history of blood problems, enlargement of the prostate gland, epilepsy or seizures, heart problems, low blood pressure, liver problems (eg, cirrhosis), bone marrow problems, low white blood cell count, diabetes, kidney problems, neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), or an adrenal gland tumor (pheochromocytoma)


• if you have Alzheimer disease, dementia, Parkinson disease, or Reye syndrome


• if you have had high blood prolactin levels or a history of certain types of cancer (eg, breast, pancreas, pituitary, brain), or if you are at risk of breast cancer


• if you are regularly exposed to extreme heat or organophosphate insecticides

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Thorazine Suppositories. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:

• Lithium because the risk of a severe and sometimes permanent nervous system problem (encephalopathic syndrome) characterized by weakness, lethargy, fever, tremor, confusion, or uncontrolled muscle movements may be increased


• Certain antiarrhythmic medicines (eg, amiodarone, dofetilide, dronedarone, quinidine, sotalol), cisapride, pergolide, pimozide, quetiapine, or ziprasidone because the risk of side effects, such as racing heartbeat, dizziness, fainting, and life-threatening irregular heartbeat leading to unconsciousness, may be increased by Thorazine Suppositories


• Many prescription and nonprescription medicines (eg, used for allergies, blood clotting problems, cancer, infections, inflammation, aches and pains, heart problems, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, mental or mood problems, nausea or vomiting, Parkinson disease, seizures, stomach problems), multivitamin products, and herbal or dietary supplements (eg, herbal teas, coenzyme Q10, garlic, ginseng, gingko, St. John's wort) may interact with Thorazine Suppositories, increasing the risk of side effects

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Thorazine Suppositories may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.

How to use Thorazine Suppositories:

Use Thorazine Suppositories as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.

• Wash your hands before and after using Thorazine Suppositories. If the suppository is too soft to use, put it in the refrigerator for about 15 minutes. You may also run cold water over it. Remove the wrapper. Moisten the suppository with cool water. Lie down on your side. Insert the pointed end of the suppository into the rectum. Use your finger to push it in completely.


• Wash your hands immediately after using Thorazine Suppositories.


• If you miss a dose of Thorazine Suppositories, use it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not use 2 doses at once.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Thorazine Suppositories.

Important safety information:

• Thorazine Suppositories may cause drowsiness, dizziness, or blurred vision. These effects may be worse if you take it with alcohol or certain medicines. Use Thorazine Suppositories with caution. Do not drive or perform other possibly unsafe tasks until you know how you react to it.


• Do not drink alcohol while you are using Thorazine Suppositories.


• Check with your doctor before you use medicines that may cause drowsiness (eg, sleep aids, muscle relaxers) while you are using Thorazine Suppositories; it may add to their effects. Ask your pharmacist if you have questions about which medicines may cause drowsiness.


• Thorazine Suppositories may cause dizziness, light-headedness, or fainting; alcohol, hot weather, exercise, or fever may increase these effects. To prevent them, sit up or stand slowly, especially in the morning. Sit or lie down at the first sign of any of these effects.


• Do not become overheated in hot weather or while you are being active; heatstroke may occur.


• Thorazine Suppositories may cause you to become sunburned more easily. Avoid the sun, sunlamps, or tanning booths until you know how you react to Thorazine Suppositories. Use a sunscreen or wear protective clothing if you must be outside for more than a short time.


• Thorazine Suppositories may lower the ability of your body to fight infection. Avoid contact with people who have colds or infections. Tell your doctor if you notice signs of infection like fever, sore throat, rash, or chills.


• Tell your doctor or dentist that you take Thorazine Suppositories before you receive any medical or dental care, emergency care, or surgery.


• Some patients who take Thorazine Suppositories may develop muscle movements that they cannot control. This is more likely to happen in elderly patients, especially women. The chance that this will happen or that it will become permanent is greater in those who take Thorazine Suppositories in higher doses or for a long time. Muscle problems may also occur after short-term treatment with low doses. Tell your doctor at once if you have muscle problems with your arms; legs; or your tongue, face, mouth, or jaw (eg, tongue sticking out, puffing of cheeks, mouth puckering, chewing movements) while taking Thorazine Suppositories.


• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a possibly fatal syndrome that can be caused by Thorazine Suppositories. Symptoms may include fever; stiff muscles; confusion; abnormal thinking; fast or irregular heartbeat; and sweating. Contact your doctor at once if you have any of these symptoms.


• Thorazine Suppositories may increase the amount of a certain hormone (prolactin) in your blood. Symptoms may include enlarged breasts, missed menstrual period, decreased sexual ability, or nipple discharge. Contact your doctor right away if you experience any of these symptoms.


• Thorazine Suppositories may raise or lower your blood sugar. High blood sugar may make you feel confused, drowsy, or thirsty. It can also make you flush, breathe faster, or have a fruit-like breath odor. Low blood sugar may make you anxious, sweaty, weak, dizzy, drowsy, or faint. It may also make your vision change; give you a headache, chills, or tremors; or make you more hungry. If these symptoms occur, tell your doctor right away.


• Diabetes patients - Check blood sugar levels closely. Ask your doctor before you change the dose of your diabetes medicine.


• Thorazine Suppositories may cause the results of some pregnancy tests to be wrong. Check with your doctor if you have questions or concerns about your pregnancy test results.


• Thorazine Suppositories may interfere with certain lab tests, including phenylketonuria (PKU) tests. Be sure your doctor and lab personnel know you are taking Thorazine Suppositories.


• Lab tests, including liver function, complete blood cell counts, and eye exams, may be performed while you use Thorazine Suppositories. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.


• Use Thorazine Suppositories with caution in the ELDERLY; they may be more sensitive to its effects, especially dizziness, light-headedness (especially upon standing), rapid heartbeat, breathing problems, urinary retention, and constipation.


• Thorazine Suppositories should not be used in CHILDREN younger than 6 months old; safety and effectiveness in these children have not been confirmed.


• PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Thorazine Suppositories while you are pregnant. Using Thorazine Suppositories during the third trimester may result in uncontrolled muscle movements or withdrawal symptoms in the newborn. Discuss any questions or concerns with your doctor. Thorazine Suppositories are found in breast milk. Do not breast-feed while taking Thorazine Suppositories.

If you stop taking Thorazine Suppositories suddenly, you may have WITHDRAWAL symptoms. These may include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and tremors.

Possible side effects of Thorazine Suppositories:

All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:

Agitation; constipation; dizziness; drowsiness; dry mouth; enlarged pupils; jitteriness; nausea; stuffy nose.

Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); changes in menstrual period; changes in sexual ability; confusion; dark urine; difficulty swallowing; drooling; fainting; fast or irregular heartbeat; fever, chills, or sore throat; inability to move eyes; involuntary movements or spasms of the arms and legs; involuntary movements of tongue, face, mouth, or jaw (eg, sticking out of tongue, puffing of cheeks, puckering of mouth, lip-smacking, chewing movements); mask-like face; mental or mood changes, including lack of response to your surroundings; muscle restlessness; prolonged or painful erection; restlessness; seizures; severe constipation; severe or persistent dizziness; shuffling walk; sleeplessness; stiff or rigid muscles; stomach pain; sweating; tremor; trouble urinating; unusual bruising or bleeding; unusual eye movements; unusual tiredness or weakness; unusually pale skin; vision changes; yellowing of the skin or eyes.

This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.

See also: Thorazine side effects (in more detail)

If OVERDOSE is suspected:

Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include agitation; fainting; involuntary movements or muscle spasms; irregular heartbeat; light-headedness; loss of consciousness; restlessness; seizures; severe drowsiness or dizziness; tremors; twitching.

Proper storage of Thorazine Suppositories:

Store Thorazine Suppositories at room temperature, between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C). Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Thorazine Suppositories out of the reach of children and away from pets.

General information:

• If you have any questions about Thorazine Suppositories, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.


• Thorazine Suppositories are to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.


• If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.


• Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Thorazine Suppositories. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Thorazine resources

• Thorazine Side Effects (in more detail)
• Thorazine Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
• Drug Images
• Thorazine Drug Interactions
• Thorazine Support Group
• 7 Reviews for Thorazine - Add your own review/rating

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